Gyumri — second largest city in Armenia
Gyumri is the second-largest city in Armenia, is a treasure trove of history, culture, and authentic Armenian spirit. Located in the northwest of the country, near the Turkish border, Gyumri offers a unique glimpse into Armenia’s rich past and resilient present.
Historical Background
The city is located in the heart of historical Armenia, in the Shirak region. Archaeological evidence shows that the first settlements on the site of modern Gyumri appeared as early as the Bronze Age. Historically, the settlement was known as Kumayri, a name some scholars associate with the Cimmerians—tribes that migrated from the East European plains to the western shores of the Black Sea and along the line Kumayri-Kars-Karin-Kamah-Gamirk in the 8th century BC.
According to historian Yervand Manandyan, Gyumri was likely a central hub for the Cimmerian-Scythian tribes that settled in the ancient Armenian regions of Vanand, Shirak, and Ayrarat. References to campaigns in the Gyumri region appear in Urartian inscriptions of the 8th century BC. Some historians also link Gyumri to the ancient city Gumnias mentioned by Xenophon, reconstructing its name as Gumrias, which corresponds to modern Gyumri.
In the Middle Ages, Gyumri, still called Kumayri, had become a significant settlement. Armenian sources first mention it in the 8th century in relation to the 773–775 uprising against Arab rule. From 885 to 1045, it was part of the Bagratid Armenian Kingdom.
Geography and Natural Landscape
Modern Gyumri sits at an elevation of 1,550 meters above sea level, in northwestern Armenia. The city is located in an 8–9 magnitude seismic zone and is intersected by the Cherkez and Jajur gorges, among others.
The terrain is predominantly flat, with lakes, rivers, and lava formations up to 350 meters thick. Vegetation is mainly steppe, with trees like acacia, maple, and ash growing along river valleys.
Climate
Gyumri has a mountainous continental climate with long, cold winters and moderately hot summers. Due to its elevation and lack of forests, the city experiences significant temperature fluctuations between day and night. Summer temperatures can reach up to +36°C, while winters are cold but sunny. Annual precipitation is relatively low, averaging 500 mm, with winter humidity reaching 83–85% and summer humidity around 45–48%. The average wind speed is 3–4 m/s, and the city receives approximately 2,500 hours of sunshine per year.
Soil and Natural Resources
The soil in Gyumri is mainly fertile black earth (chernozem), though 500–600 hectares in the southeastern part are eroded. The southern part of the city lies above an artesian basin. Surrounding areas are rich in building materials, including tuff (19 million m³), basalt, diatomite, clay (293,000 m³), and sand (5.3 million m³).
Strategic Location
Gyumri is 196 km from the Black Sea and 384 km from the Caspian Sea in a straight line, making it an important point in the region historically and culturally.
Why Visit
Gyumri is not just a city; it’s an experience. Visitors can explore centuries of history, unique architecture, and vibrant cultural life while enjoying the scenic natural surroundings. The blend of ancient heritage, modern development, and cozy streets makes Gyumri a must-visit destination for anyone looking to discover the authentic heart of Armenia.